Which civilization is known for their advanced knowledge of astronomy and a calendar system?

The Mayan civilization is recognized for its sophisticated understanding of astronomy and an intricate calendar system. The Mayans developed a complex calendar that included a 365-day solar calendar known as the Haab' and a 260-day ritual calendar called the Tzolk'in. This dual-calendar system was essential for their agricultural, religious, and ceremonial activities.

The Mayans were skilled astronomers who meticulously observed celestial bodies, which enabled them to predict solar and lunar eclipses, as well as to determine the timing of various agricultural cycles. Their astronomical calculations were remarkably accurate for their time, and they documented these observations in codices, contributing significantly to the fields of mathematics and timekeeping.

In contrast, while the Incan and Aztec civilizations certainly had their own calendar systems and also observed celestial movements, they did not achieve the same level of complexity and precision as the Mayans. The Olmec civilization, often considered a precursor to later Mesoamerican cultures, did not develop a known calendar system as advanced as that of the Mayans. Thus, the Mayans stand out as the civilization best known for their achievements in astronomy and calendar creation.