What characteristic feature is commonly associated with Romanesque architecture?

The characteristic feature commonly associated with Romanesque architecture is barrel and groin vaults. Romanesque architecture, which flourished from the 9th to the 12th centuries, is known for its heavy, solid structures and rounded arches. The barrel vault, which is essentially an extended arch, creates a semi-cylindrical roof over a space, while the groin vault is formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults. These features provide structural integrity and allow for large, vaulted spaces in churches and cathedrals, which was essential for the construction of the monumental buildings typical of this period.

In contrast, pointed arches and ribbed vaults are more characteristic of Gothic architecture, which followed Romanesque and introduced new design elements that allowed for taller structures and more elaborate designs. Large stained-glass windows are primarily associated with the Gothic style as well, as they became more prevalent due to advancements in architectural techniques that allowed buildings to support more wall openings. Complex flying buttresses also belong to the Gothic period, serving to transfer the weight of the roof and walls and permitting the inclusion of large windows without compromising structural stability. Thus, the presence of barrel and groin vaults is what distinctly ties Romanesque architecture to