Mandalas in Buddhist art primarily represent what concept?

Mandalas in Buddhist art primarily represent the universe. They serve as a visual representation of the cosmos and the interconnectedness of all things within it. The intricate designs and structures of mandalas are symbolic, illustrating the idea of the universe's complete harmony and balance.

In a spiritual context, creating or meditating upon a mandala can be seen as a practice to gain insight into the nature of existence and one's place within the cosmos. The central point of the mandala often symbolizes the ultimate truth or the spiritual center, while the surrounding patterns represent the various elements and forces of the universe, encapsulating the essence of life and the divine.

This focus on the universe distinguishes mandalas from representations of the human form, natural landscapes, or tangible objects, which do not embody the same depth of symbolic meaning regarding cosmic order and spiritual enlightenment.