Indirect carving is characterized by which of the following techniques?

Indirect carving is characterized by the technique of carving based on the proportions of a smaller model. This method involves creating a three-dimensional sculpture by first developing a smaller reference model, which serves as a guide for the larger piece. The artist uses the smaller model to accurately translate the dimensions and details into the larger sculpture, ensuring a proportional and cohesive final piece.

This approach contrasts with direct observation techniques, where an artist sculpts a piece by directly interpreting the subject in real time. Additionally, while digital tools can aid in sculpting, they do not specifically define indirect carving, which traditionally refers to a tangible model being used as a reference. Traditional chisel methods may still be used within this context, but they are not the defining factor of indirect carving. Indirect carving emphasizes the relationship between the model and finished sculpture, highlighting its reliance on proportion and scale.